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A proxy server acts as an intermediary between Web clients and Web servers. It listens for requests from the clients and forwards these to remote servers. The proxy server then receives the responses from the servers and returns them to the clients. Why go to this trouble? There are several reasons, the most common being:
No additional software needs to be installed to provide proxy serving.
Proxy servering is essentially configured using a combination of configuration directives in WASD_CONFIG_GLOBAL and WASD_CONFIG_SERVICE to enable proxy serving both globally and then for allow a specific service to make outgoing connections, along with mapping directives in WASD_CONFIG_MAP to control and direct those outgoing connections.
The following steps provide a brief outline of proxy configuration.
When proxy processing is enabled and WASD_CONFIG_GLOBAL directive [ReportBasicOnly] is disabled it is necessary to make adjustments to the contents of the WASD_CONFIG_MSG message configuration file [status] item beginning "Additional Information". Each of the "/httpd/-/statusnxx.html" links
If this is not provided the links and any error report will be interpreted by the browser as relative to the server the proxy was attempting to request from and the error explanation will not be accessible.
WASD provides a proxy service for the HTTP scheme (prototcol).
Proxy serving generally relies on DNS resolution of the requested host name. DNS lookup can introduce significant latency to transactions. To help ameliorate this WASD incorporates a host name cache. To ensure cache consistency the contents are regularly flushed, after which host names must use DNS lookup again, refreshing the information in the cache. The period of this cache purge is contolled with the [ProxyHostCachePurgeHours] configuration parameter.
When a request is made by a proxy server is is common for it to add a line to the request header stating that it is a forwarded request and the agent doing the forwarding. With WASD proxying this line would look something like this:
An additional, and perhaps more widely used facility, is the Squid extension field to the proxied request header supplying the originating client host name or IP address.
Proxy serving is enabled on a global basis using the WASD_CONFIG_GLOBAL file [ProxyServing] configuration parameter. After that each virtual service must have proxy functionality enabled as a per-service configuration.
WASD can configure services using the WASD_CONFIG_GLOBAL [service] directive, the WASD_CONFIG_SERVICE configuration file, or even the /SERVICE= qualifier.
Using directives listed in Service Configuration of WASD Configuration) this example illustrates configuring a non-proxy server (the disabled is the default and essentially redudant) and a proxy service.
High performance/highly available proxy server configurations require more than one instance configured and running. Whether this is done by running multiple instances on the same host or one instance on multiple hosts, it leads to situations where successive requests will be processed by different instances. As those instances don't share a common name to IP address cache, they will eventually use different IP addresses when trying to connect to an origin server running on multiple hosts.
This may result in the following, user visible, issues:
For these reasons, the proxy server will make every effort to relay successive requests from a given client to the same origin host as long as this one is available (built-in failover capability will ultimately trigger the choice of a new host). This is known as client to origin affinity or proxy affinity capability.
Proxy to origin server affinity is enabled using the following service configuration directive.
Obviously the use of cookies must be enabled in the browser or this facility will not operate for that client. After the first successful connection to an origin host, the proxy server will send a cookie indicating the IP address used to the client browser. Upon subsequent requests, this cookie will be used to select the same host. The cookie is named WasdProxyAffinity_origin.host.name and the value simply the IP address in dotted decimal. This cookie is not propagated beyond the proxy service but may be WATCHed by checking the Proxy Processing item.
It is possible to make the outgoing request appear to originate from a particular source address. The Network Interface must be able to bind to the specified IP address (i.e. it cannot be an arbitrary address).
The same behaviour may be accomplished with an WASD_CONFIG_MAP mapping rule.
Some sites may already be firewalled and have corporate proxy servers providing Internet access. It is quite possible to use WASD proxying in this environment, where the WASD server makes the proxied requests via the next proxy server in the hierarchy. This is known as proxy chaining.
Chaining may also be controlled on a virtual service or path basis using an WASD_CONFIG_MAP mapping rule.
If the upstream proxy server requires authorization this may be supplied using a per-service directive
The basic: keyword allows WASD to appropriately encode the credentials. Basic authentication is the only scheme currently supported.
Requests at a service enabled for proxy processing are directed to proxy processing using a fundamental rule which terminates rule processing and initiates the outgoing connection.
Controlling both access-to and access-via proxy serving is possible.
Access to the proxy service can be directly controlled through the use of WASD authorization. Proxy authorization is distinct from general access authorization. It uses specific proxy authorization fields provided by HTTP, and by this allows a proxied transaction to also supply transaction authorization for the remote server. In the WASD_CONFIG_SERVICE configuration file.
In addition to the service being specified as requiring authorization it is also necessary to configure the source of the authentication. This is done using the WASD_CONFIG_AUTH configuration file. The following example shows all requests for the proxy virtual service must be authorized (GET and well as POST, etc.), although it is possible to restrict access to only read (GET), preventing data being sent out via the server.
An up-stream, chained proxy server (7.1.4 Proxy Chaining) may be permitted to receive proxy authentication from the client via a WASD proxy server using the CHAIN keyword. Unconfigured, WASD does not propagate HTTP proxy authorization fields. Only one proxy server in a chain can be authenticated against.
It is also possible to control proxy access via local authorization, although this is less flexible by removing the ability to then pass authorization information to the remote service. In other repects it is set up in the same way as proxy authorization, but enabled using the LOCAL keyword.
Extensive control of how, by whom and what a proxy service is used for may be exercised using WASD general and conditional mapping Request Processing Configuration of WASD Configuration) and Conditional Mapping of WASD Configuration) possibly in the context of a virtual service specification for the particular connect service host and port (see Virtual Servers of WASD Configuration). The following examples provide a small indication of how mapping could be used in a proxy service context.
Using path mapping rules (see Request Processing Configuration of WASD Configuration). it is possible to remove or specifically set selected proxied request headers. Many headers are critical to server processing but some are informational or otherwise amenable to change. This can be undertaken using the SET mapping rule proxy=header=<parameter>.
For example, to have a proxy service suppress the "Referer:" request header:
To modify the "Referer:" request header to a fixed URL:
To modify the "User-Agent:" request header to a specific string:
Caching involves using the local file-system for storage of responses that can be reused when a request for the same URL is made. The WASD server does not have to be configured for caching, it will provide proxied access without any caching taking place.
When a proxied request is processed, and the characteristics would allow the response to be cached, a unique identifier generated from the URL is used to create a corresponding file name. The response header and any body are stored in this file. This may be the data of an HTML page, a graphic, etc.
When a proxied request is being processed, and the characteristics would allow the request to be cached, the unique identifier generated allows for a previously created cache file to be checked for. If it exists, and is current enough, the response is returned from it, instead of from the remote server. If it exists and is no longer current the request is re-made to the remote server, and the response if still cacheable is re-cached, keeping the contents current. If it does not exist the response is delivered from the remote server.
The main critera are for the response to be successful (200 status), general (i.e. one not in response to a specialized query or action), and not too volatile (i.e. the same page may be expected to be returned more than once, preferably over an extended period).
The [ProxyCacheFileKbytesMax] configuration parameter controls the maximum size of a response before it will not be cached. This can be determined from any "Content-Length:" response header field, in which case it will proactively not be cached, or if during cache load the maximum size of the file increases beyond the specified limit the load is aborted.
As many transactions on today's Web contain query strings, etc., and therefore cannot be meaningfully cached, it should not be assumed the cost/benefit of having a proxy cache enabled is a forgone conclusion. Each site should monitor the proxy traffic reports and decide on a local policy.
The facilities described in 7.2.6 Reporting and Maintenance allow a reasonably informed decision to be made. Items to be considered.
Last, but by no means least, understanding the characteristics of local usage. For example, are there a small number of requests generating lots of non-cacheable traffic? For instance, a few users accessing streaming content.
Selection of a disk device for supporting the proxy cache should not be made without careful consideration, doubly so if significant traffic is experienced. Here are some common-sense suggestions.
Initially the directory will need to be created. This can be done manually as described below, or if using the supplied server startup procedures (see Server Startup of WASD Configuration) it is checked for and if it does not exist is automatically created during startup. The directory must be owned by the HTTP$SERVER account and have full read+write+execute+delete access. It is suggested to name it [WASD_CACHE] and may be created manually using the following command.
It is a relatively simple matter to relocate the cache at any stage. Simply create the required directory in the new location, modify the startup procedures to reflect this, shut the server down completely then restart it using the procedures (not a /DO=RESTART!). The contents of the previous location could be transfered to the new using the BACKUP utility if desired.
It is required to define the logical name WASD_CACHE_ROOT if any proxy services are specified as using cache in the server configuration. The server will not start unless it is correctly defined. The logical should be a concealed device logical specifying the top level directory of the cache tree. The following example shows how to define such a logical name.
If example startup procedure is in use then it is quite straight-forward to have the logical created during server startup (see STARTUP.COM of WASD Configuration).
Caching may enabled on a per-service basis. This means it is possible to have a caching proxy service and a non-caching service active on the one server. Caching is enabled by appending the cache keyword to the particular service specification. The following example shows a non-proxy and a caching proxy service.
Proxy caching may be selectively disabled for a particular site, sites or paths within sites using the SET nocache mapping rule. This rule, used to disable caching for local requests, also disables proxy file caching for that subset of requests. This example shows a couple of variations.
As the proxy cache is implemented using the local file system, management of the cache implies controlling the number of, and exactly which files remain in cache. Essentially then, management means when and which to delete. The [ProxyReportLog] configuration parameter enables the server process log reporting of cache management activities.
Cache file deletion has three variants.
This ensures files that have not been accessed within specified limits are periodically and regularly deleted. The [ProxyCacheRoutineHourOfDay] configuration parameter controls this activity.
The ROUTINE form occurs once per day at the specified hour. The cache files are scanned looking for those that exceed the configuration parameter for maximum period since last access, which are then deleted (the largest number of [ProxyCachePurgeList], as described below).
Setting the [ProxyCacheRoutineHourOfDay] configuration parameter to 24 enables background purging.
In this mode the server continuously scans through the cache files in the same manner as for ROUTINE purging. The difference is it is not all done a single burst once a day, pushing disk activity to the maximum. The background purge regulates the period between each file access, pacing the scan so that the entire cache is passed through once a day. It adjusts this pace according the the size of the cache.
This is a remedial action, when cache device usage is reaching its configuration limit and files need to be deleted to free up space. The following parameters control this behaviour.
The cache device space usage is checked at the specified interval.
If the device reaches the specified percentage used a cache purge is initiated and by deleting files until the specified reduction is attained, the total space in use on the disk is reduced.
The cache files are scanned using the [ProxyCachePurgeList] parameter described below, working from the greatest to least number of hours in the steps provided. At each scan files not accessed within that period are deleted. At each few files deleted the device free space is checked as having reached the lower purge percentage limit, at which point the scan terminates.
This parameter has as its input a series of comma-separated integers representing a series of hours since files were last accessed. In this way the cache can be progressively reduced until percentage usage targets are realized. Such a parameter would be specified as follows,
Once the target reduction percentage is reached the purge stops. During the purge operation further cache files are not created. Even when cache files cannot be created for any reason proxy serving still continues transparently to the clients.
If [ProxyCacheRoutineHourOfDay] is empty or non-numeric the automatic, once-a-day routine purge of the cache by the server is disabled and it is expected to be performed via some other mechanism, such as a periodic batch job. This allows routine purging more or less frequently than is provided-for by server configuration, and/or the purge activity being performed by a process or cluster node other than that of the HTTPd server (reducing server and/or node impact of this highly I/O intensive activity). Progress and other messages are provided via SYS$OUTPUT, and if configured in the [Opcom…] directives to the operator log and designated operator terminal as well. If a process already has the cache locked the initiated activity aborts.
The following example shows a routine purge being performed from the command-line. This form uses the hours from [ProxyCachePurgeList].
A variant on this allows the maximum age to be explicitly specified.
Reactive purging and statistic scans may also be initiated from the command line. For a reactive purge the first number can be the device usage percentage (indicated by the trailing "%"), if not the configuration limit is used.
Any in-progress scan of the cache (i.e. reactive or routine purges, or a statistics scan) can be halted from the command line (and online Server Admininistration facility).
For the purposes of this document, cache invalidation is defined as the determination when a cache file's data is no longer valid and needs to be reloaded.
The method used for cache validation is deliberately quite simple in algorithm and implementation. In this first attempt at a proxy server the overriding criteria have been efficiency, simplicity of implementation, and reliability. Wishing to avoid complicated revalidation using behind-the-scenes HEAD requests the basic approach has been to just invalidate the cache item upon exiry of a period related to the "Last-Modified:" age or upon a no-cache request, both described further below.
The revision count (automatically updated by VMS) tracks the absolute number of accesses since the file was created (actually a maximum of 65535, or an unsigned short, but that should be enough for informational purposes).
The [ProxyCaheReloadList] configuration parameter is used to control when a file being accessed is reloaded from source.
This parameter supplies a series of integers representing the hours after which an access to a cache file causes the file to be invalidated and reloaded from the source during the proxied request. Each number in the series represents the lower boundary of the range between it and the next number of hours. A file with a last-loaded age falling within a range is reloaded at the lower boundary of that particular range. The following example
The HTTPDMON utility allows real-time monitoring of proxy serving activity (13.10 HTTPd Monitor).
Proxy reports and some administrative control may be exercised from the online Server Administration facility (9. Server Administration). The information reported includes:
The following actions can be initiated from this menu. Note that three of these relate to proxy file cache and so may take varying periods to complete, depending on the number of files. If the cache is particularly large the scan/purge may take some considerable time.
Also available from the Server Administration facility is a dialog allowing the proxy characteristics of the running server to be adjusted on an ad hoc basis. This only affects the executing server, to make changes to permanent configuration the WASD_CONFIG_GLOBAL configuration file must be changed.
This dialog can be used to modify the device free space percentages according to recent changes in device usage, alter the reload or purge hour list characteristics, etc. After making these changes a routine or reactive purge will automatically be initiated to reduce the space in use by the proxy cache if implied by the new settings.
It is often useful to be able to list the contents of the proxy cache directory or the characteristics or contents of a particular cache file. Cache files have a specific internal format and so require a tool capable of dealing with this. The WASD_ROOT:[SRC.UTILS]PCACHE.C program provides a versatile command-line utility as well as CGI(plus) script, making cache file information accessible from a browser. It also allows cache files to be selected by wildcard filtering on the basis of the contents of the associated URL or response header. For detailed information on the various command-line options and CGI query-string options see the description at the start of the source code file.
Make the WASD_EXE:PCACHE.EXE executable a foreign verb. It is then possible to
To make the PCACHE script available to the server ensure the following line exists in the HTTP$CONFIG configuration file in the [AddType] section.
The following rule needs to be in the WASD_CONFIG_MAP configuration file.
Once available the following is then possible.
If the configuration changes described above have been made the following link will return such an index.
The connect service provides firewall proxying for any connection-oriented TCP/IP access. Essentially it provides the ability to tunnel any other protocol via a Web proxy server. In the context of Web services it is most commonly used to provide firewall-transparent access for Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) transactions. It is a special case of the more general tunneling provided by WASD, see 7.6 Tunneling Using Proxy.
As with proxy serving in general, CONNECT serving may enabled on a per-service basis using the WASD_CONFIG_GLOBAL [service] directive, the WASD_CONFIG_SERVICE configuration file, or even the /SERVICE= qualifier.
The actual services providing the CONNECT access (i.e. the host and port) are specified on a per-service basis. This means it is possible to have CONNECT and non-CONNECT services deployed on the one server, as part of a general proxy service or standalone. CONNECT proxying is enabled by appending the connect keyword to the particular service specification. The following example shows a non-proxy and proxy services, with and without additional connect processing enabled.
The connect service poses a significant security dilemma when in use in a firewalled environment. Once a CONNECT service connection has been accepted and established it essentially acts as a relay to whatever data is passed through it. Therefore any transaction whatsoever can occur via the connect service, which in many environments may be considered undesirable.
In the context of the Web and the use of the connect service for proxying SSL transactions it may be well considered to restrict possible connections to the well-known SSL port, 443. This may be done using conditional directives, as in the following example:
WASD provides a proxy service for the FTP scheme (prototcol). This provides the facility to list directories on the remote FTP server, download and upload files.
The (probable) file system of the FTP server host is determined by examining the results of an FTP PWD command. If it returns a current working directory specification containing a "/" then it assumes it to be Unix(-like), if ":[" then VMS, if a "\" then DOS. (Some DOS-based FTP servers respond with a Unix-like "/" so a second level of file-system determination is undertaken with the first entry of the actual listing.) Anything else is unknown and reported as such. WASD (for the obvious reason) is particularly careful to perform well with FTP servers responding with VMS file specifications.
Note that the content-type of the transfer is determined by the way the proxy server interprets the FTP request path's "file" extension. This may or may not correspond with what the remote system might consider the file type to be. The default content-type for unknown file types is "application/octet-stream" (binary). When using the alt query string parameters then for any file in a listing the icon provides an alternate content-type. If the file link provides a text document then the icon will provide a binary file. If the link returns a binary file then the icon will return a file with a plain-text content-type.
In addition to content-type the FTP mode in which the file transfer occurs can be determined by either of two conditions. It the content-type is "text/.." then the transfer mode will be ASCII (i.e. record carriage-control adjusted between systems). If not text then the file is transfered in Image mode (i.e. a binary, opaque octet-stream). For any given content-type this default behaviour may be adjusted using the [AddType] directive (see Alphabetic Listing of WASD Configuration) or the "#!+" MIME.TYPES directive (see MIME.TYPES of WASD Configuration).
Rules required in WASD_CONFIG_MAP for mapping FTP proxy. This is preferably made against the virtual service providing the FTP proxy. The service explicitly must make the icon path used available or it must be available to the proxy service in some other part of the mappings. Also the general requirement for error message URLs applies to FTP proxying (‘Proxy Error Messages’ in 7. Proxy Services).
Keywords added to an FTP request query string allow the basic FTP action to be somewhat tailored. These case-insensitive keywords can be in the form of a query keys or query form fields and values. This allows considerable flexibility in how they are supplied, allowing easy use from a browser URL field or for inclusion as form fields.
| Keyword | Description |
|---|---|
| alt | Adds alternate access (complementary content-type at the icon) for directory listings. |
| ascii | Force the file transfer type to be done as ASCII (i.e. with carriage-control conversion between systems with different representations). |
| content | Explicitly specify the content type for the returned file (e.g. "content:text/plain", or "content=image/gif"). |
| dos | When generating a directory listing force the interpretation to be DOS. |
| Explicitly specify the anonymous access email address (e.g. "email:[email protected]" or "[email protected]"). | |
| image | Force the file transfer type to be done as an opaque binary stream of octets. |
| list | Displays the actual directory plain-text listing returned by the remote FTP server. Can be used for problem analysis. |
| login | Results in the server prompting for a username and password pair that are then used as the login credentials on the remote FTP server. |
| octet | Force the content-type of the file returned to be specified as "application/octet-stream". |
| text | Force the content-type of the file returned to be specified as "text/plain". |
| unix | When generating a directory listing force the interpretation to be Unix. |
| upload | Causes the server to return a simple file transfer form allowing the upload of a file from the local system to the remote FTP server. |
| vms | When generating a directory listing force the interpretation to be VMS. |
The usual mechanism for supplying the username and password for access to a non-anonymous proxied FTP server area is to place it as part of the request line (i.e. "ftp://username:[email protected]/path/"). This has the obvious disadvantage that it's there for all and sundry to see.
The "login" query string is provided to work around the more obvious of these issues, having the authentication credentials as part of the request URL. When this string is placed in the request query string the FTP proxy requests the browser to prompt for authentication (i.e. returns a 401 status). When request header authentication data is present it uses this as the remote FTP server username and password. Hence the remote username and password never need to appear in plain-text on screen or in server logs.
WASD is fully capable of mapping non-proxy into proxy requests, with various limitations on effectiveness considering the nature of what is being performed.
Gatewaying between request schemes (protocols)
and also gatewaying between IP versions
All can be useful for various reasons. One example might be where a script is required to obtain a resource from a secure server via SSL. The script can either be made SSL-aware, sometimes a not insignificant undertaking, or it can use standard HTTP to the proxy and have that access the required server via SSL. Another example might be accessing an internal HTTP resource from an external browser securely, with SSL being used from the browser to the proxy server, which the accesses the internal HTTP resource on its behalf.
The basic mechanism allowing this gatewaying is "internal" redirection. The redirect mapping rule (see REDIRECT Rule of WASD Configuration) either returns the new URL to the originating client (requiring it to reinitiate the request) or begins reprocessing the request internally (transparently to the client). It is this latter function that is obviously used for gatewaying.
The use of WASD proxy serving as a firewall component assumes two configured network interfaces on the system, one of which is connected to the internal network, the other to the external network. (Firewalling could also be accomplished using a single network interface with router blocking external access to all but the server system.) Outgoing (internal to external) proxying is the most common configuration, however a proxy server can also be used to provide controlled external access to selected internal resources. This is sometimes known as reverse proxy and is a specific example of WASD's general non-proxy to proxy request redirection capability (7.5 Gatewaying Using Proxy).
In this configuration the proxy server is contacted by an external browser with a standard HTTP request. Proxy server rules map this request onto a proxy-request format result. For example:
Note that the trailing question-mark is required to propagate any query string (see REDIRECT Rule of WASD Configuration).
The server recognises the result format and performs a proxy request to a system on the internal network. Note that the mappings required could become quite complex, but it is possible. See example 7 in 7.1.5 Controlling Proxy Serving.
If a reverse proxied server returns a redirection response (302) containing a "Location: url" field with the host component the same reverse-proxied-to server it can be rewritten to instead contain the proxy server host. If these do not match the rewrite does not occur. Using the redirection example above, the SET mapping rule proxy=reverse=location specifies the path that will be prefixed to the path component in the location field URL. Usually this would be the same path used to map the reverse proxy redirect (in this example "/sales/"), though could be any string (presumably detected and processed by some other part of the mapping).
If the proxy=reverse=location=<string> ends in an asterisk the entire 302 location field URL is appended (rather than just the path) resulting in something along the lines of
WASD can authorize reverse proxy requests locally (perhaps from the SYSUAF) and rewrite that username into the proxied requests "Authorization: …" field. The proxied-to server can then verify that the request originated from the proxy server and extract and use that username as authenticated.
This functionality is described in the WASD_ROOT:[SRC.HTTPD]PROXYVERIFY.C module.
This utility (CGIplus script) can be used to rewrite HTTP response "Location:" fields, "Set-Cookie:" path and domain components and URLs in HTML and CSS content.
This functionality is described in the prologue to the code WASD_ROOT:[SRC.UTILS]PROXYMUNGE.C
This looks a little like reverse proxy, providing access to a non-local resource via a standard (non-proxy) request. The difference allows the client to determine which remote resource is accessed. This works quite effectively for non-HTML resources (e.g. image, binary files, etc.) but non-self-referential links in HTML documents will generally be inaccessible to the client. This can provide provide scripts access to protocols they do not support, as with HTTP to FTP, HTTP to HTTP-over-SSL, etc.
Mappings appropriate to the protocols to be support must be made against the proxy service. Of course mapping rules may also be used to control whom or to what is connected.
The client may the provide the desired URL as the path of the request to the proxy service. Notice that the scheme provided in the desired URL can be any supported by the service and its mappings.
This relies on being able to manipulate host record in the DNS or local name resolution database. If a "*.the.proxy.host" DNS (CNAME) record is resolved it allows any host name ending in ".the.proxy.host" to be resolved to the corresponding IP address. Similarly (at least the Compaq TCP/IP Services) the local host database allows an alias like "another.host.name.proxy.host.name" for the proxy host name. Both of these would allow a browser to access "another.host.name.proxy.host.name" with it resolved to the proxy service. The request "Host:" field would contain "another.host.name.proxy.host.name".
Using this approach a fully functioning proxy may be implemented for the browser without actually configuring it for proxy access, where returned HTML documents contain links that are always correct with reference to the host used to request them. This allows the client an ad hoc proxy for selected requests. For a wildcard (CNAME) record the browser user may enter any host name prepended to the proxy service host name and port and have the request proxied to that host name. Entering the following URL into the browser location field
This wildcard DNS entry approach is a more fully functional analogue to common proxy behaviour but is slightly less flexible in providing gatewaying between protocols and does require more care in configuration. It also relies on the contents of the request "Host:" field to provide mapping information (which generally is not a problem with modern browsers). The mappings must be performed in two parts, the first to handle the wildcard DNS entry, the second is the fairly standard rule(s) providing access for proxy processing.
The obvious difference between this and one-shot proxy is the desired host name is provided as part of the URL host, not part of the request path. This allows the browser to correctly resolve HTML links etc. It is less flexible because a different proxy service needs to be provided for each protocol mapping. Therefore, to allow HTTP to HTTP-over-SSL proxy gatewaying another service and mapping would be required.
This proxy function allows standard HTTP clients to connect to Secure Sockets Layer (4. Transport Layer Security) services. This is very different to the CONNECT service (7.3 CONNECT Serving), allowing scripts and standard character-cell browsers supporting only HTTP to access secure services.
Standard username/password authentication is supported (as are all other standard HTTP request/response interactions). The use of X.509 client certificates (4.5.12 Authorization Using X.509 Certification) to establish outgoing identity is not currently supported.
Unlike HTTP and FTP proxy it requires the service to be specifically configured using the [ServiceClientSSL] directive.
There are a number of Secure Sockets Layer related service parameters that should also be considered (see Service Configuration of WASD Configuration). Although most have workable defaults unless [ServiceProxyClientSSLverifyCA] and [ServiceProxyClientSSLverifyCAfile] are specifically set the outgoing connection will be established without any checking of the remote server's certificate. This means the host's secure service could be considered unworthy of trust as the credentials have not been established.
WASD supports the CONNECT method which effectively allows tunneling of raw octets through the proxy server. This facility is most commonly used to allow secure SSL connections to be established with hosts on the 'other side' of the proxy server. This basic mechanism is also used by WASD to provide an extended range of tunneling services. The term raw is used here to indicate an 8 bit, bidirectional, asynchronous exchange of octets between two entities, as a protocol family, not necessarily as an application (but can be so). Global proxy serving must be enabled (7.1.1 Enabling A Proxy Service) and then each service must be configured and mapped according to the desired mode of tunneling. Disabling or setting timeouts appropriately on the mapped service is important if connections are not to be disrupted by general server timeouts on output and non-progress (quiescent connections).
A service with this configuration is used as a target for CONNECT proxying (usually SSL through a firewall). The client expects an HTTP success (200) response once the remote connection is established, and HTTP error response if there is a problem, and once established just relays RAW octets through the proxy server (classic CONNECT behaviour).
This configuration enables CONNECT processing and limits any connect to SSL tunneling (i.e. port 443 on the remote system).
This allows any raw octet client (e.g. telnet) to connect to the port and by mapping be tunnelled to another host and port to connect to its service (e.g. a telnet service). The usual HTTP responses associated with CONNECT processing are not provided.
Telnet is used in the example above but the principle equally applies to any protocol that uses a raw 8 bit, bidirectional, asynchronous exchange of octets. Another example might be an SMTP service (port 25).
Using a tunnel it is possible to put a TLS/SSL (https://) front-end service to an otherwise plaintext-only service (http://).
It is possible to have a raw tunnel establish itself through a proxy chain (7.1.4 Proxy Chaining) by transparently generating an intermediate CONNECT request to the up-stream proxy server. Note that not all CONNECT proxy will allow connection to just any specified port. For security reasons it it is quite common to restrict CONNECT to port 443.
Any error in connecting to the chained proxy, making the request, connecting to the destination, etc. (i.e. any error at all) is not reported. The network connection is just dropped. Use WATCH to establish the cause if necessary.
With this configuration a service expects that the first line of text from the client contains a host name (or IP address) and optional port (e.g. "the.host.name" or "the.host.name:23"). This allows a variable destination to be mapped. The usual HTTP responses associated with CONNECT processing are not provided.
The pass rules force the supplied domain name (and optional port) to be mapped to the telnet port (23). Of course the mapping rules could allow the supplied port to be mapped into the destination if desired.
As with [ServiceProxyTunnel] RAW it is possible to chain FIREWALL services to an up-stream proxy server. See ‘Chaining RAW’ in 7.6.2 [ServiceProxyTunnel] RAW.
Up to this point the tunnels have merely been through the proxy server. It is possible to establish and maintain ENCRYPTED TUNNELS between WASD servers. SSL is used for this purpose. This is slightly more complex as both ends of the tunnel need to be configured.
This arrangement may be used for any stream-oriented, network protocol between two WASD systems. As it uses standard CONNECT requests (over SSL) it MAY also be possible to be configured between WASD and non-WASD servers.
The following example is going to maintain an encrypted tunnel between WASD servers running on systems KLAATU and GORT. It is designed to allow a user on KLAATU to connect to a specified port using a telnet client, and have a telnet session created on GORT, tunnelled between the two systems via an SSL encrypted connection.
Source of tunnel:
Destination of tunnel:
When a client connects to the service provided by port 10023 on system KLAATU the connection is immediately processed using a pseudo CONNECT request header. The service on this port is a proxy allowed to initiate SSL connections (client SSL). This service is mapped to system GORT port 10443, an SSL service that allows the CONNECT method (tunneling). KLAATU's proxy initiates an SSL connection with GORT. When established and the CONNECT request from KLAATU is received, it is mapped via a raw tunnel (8 bit, etc.) to its own system port 23 (the telnet service). Telnet is in use at both ends while encrypted by SSL inbetween! Note the use of network addresses and general fail rules used to control access to this service, as well as the disabling of timers that might otherwise shutdown the tunnel.
This arrangement is essentially a variation on example 4. It provides a cryptographic authentication of the originator (source) of the tunnel.
Source of tunnel:
Destination of tunnel:
This works by configuring the destination service to insist on proxy authorization. The authorization realm is X509 which causes the destination to demand a certificate from the source (4.5.12 Authorization Using X.509 Certification). The fingerprint of this certificate is checked against the authorization rule before the connection is a allowed to procede.
The objective of this raw tunnel variant (see 7.6.2 [ServiceProxyTunnel] RAW) is to allow tunneling of Secure Shell (SSH) via a client site proxy server CONNECT which is usually confined to port 443. Of course most Web servers are configured to provide SSL HTTP on port 443. Sharing of HTTP and SSH on the same port is a little problematic and involves some protocol detection. The following explanation of how it is implemented is so that the reader can understand the requirement for the "timeout quirk".
On configured services; WASD peeks at the incoming TCP byte stream to see if it's SSH protocol. If it is, the socket is associated with a proxy raw tunneling service and proxy tunneling initiated to a mapped SSH server. However (just to make it interesting) some SSH clients do not initiate their own exchange until after the SSH server, and so peeking only works for a subset of clients. Of course this is a Catch-22 of sorts! To provide for these clients; if an input timeout should occur (an SSH client waiting) WASD sets up the tunnel anyway and begins the proxy. The proxied SSH server should then initiate the protocol and the client respond. The directive [ServiceShareSSH] configured to be non-zero both enables this facility for a service and sets the input timeout period (which perhaps should be shorter than the default 30 seconds because such clients will wait that long for any SSH server response).
This approach seems to work well-enough in practice, although users need to be aware that some clients will pause (for the duration of the timeout period – the "timeout quirk") during initial connection setup.
This example shows an SSL service, the desired SSH service (which can be local or remote) and the internal proxy service that will provide the connection.
When creating raw tunnels between WASD servers, and possibly in other circumstances, it is often useful to be able to signal tunnel purpose to the remote end. In this way a single destination port can support multiple tunneling purposes simply through mapping rules. An originating end can inject an HTTP request line, or full request, into the established tunnel connection, which can then be processed by the usual WASD request mapping, and from that alternate services provided based on the intent signalled by the originating end.
This somewhat complex but instructive example illustrates the potential utility and versatility of WASD tunneling. It involves an originating WASD server, a destination (service providing) WASD server, and just to make it interesting an intermediate chained HTTP proxy server (not WASD). The idea is to provide access to various application services not necessarily supported by intermediate HTTP proxies and/or gateways. Four services will be supported by the example; SSH, NNTP IMAP and SMTP.
These are the services assigned on the WASD server on the inside of the proxy/gateway. Note that there is one per application to be tunneled. For simplicity each service port number has been selected to parallel the well-known application port number. Note that proxy is enabled on each (allowing them to initiate outgoing connections) and each has SSL enabled (further allowing them to initiate encrypted connections).
Each client application (i.e. IMAP, SSH) must be configured to connect to its corresponding service port (e.g. IMAP to 8143, SMTP to 8025).
These mappings are made on the WASD server on the inside of the proxy/gateway. The rules essentially initiate an outgoing encrypted (SSL) connection to the host wasd.external.net supporting the external WASD proxy server. Each is also configured not to connect directly but to request the chained proxy server proxy.internal.net to establish the connection on their behalf.
If the up-stream proxy server successfully connects to wasd.external.net port 443 the proxy server allows the byte-stream to be asynchonously and bidirectionally exchanged with the internal WASD server outgoing connection. This internal WASD server has initiated an SSL connection and the external server port 443 expects SSL so they can now both negotiate an SSL-encrypted channel essentially directly with each other.
The external WASD service configuration is very simple, a single SSL port.
Connections to the 443 port are expected to undertake an SSL negotiation to establish an encrypted channel. This includes incoming tunnel connections. The service on port 1234 is required to support the connections outgoing from the external WASD server to the application server ports.
These mappings are all applied to requests at port 443 on the external WASD server wasd.external.net. Each rule checks three request characterstics. First, the request method, "CONNECT". Second, the request URI, varies according to the request. These are the request data injected by the internal WASD server wasd.internal.net using the set=proxy=tunnel=request= mapping rule on the outgoing connection. Third, the originating host (proxy.external.net) address adds an extra filter on from where this facility may be used. The respective pass of the matching rule then initiates an outgoing connection to the respective application server's well-known port. A timeout is applied to limit connection times.
Now let's look at an actual example usage. Consider the internal user's IMAP application, say Thunderbird, is configured to use an IMAP server at host wasd.internal.net port 8143. The internal user activates Thunderbird which then intiates an TCP/IP connection to the configured IMAP server expecting to commence the IMAP application protocol.
This connection arrives at wasd.internal.net port 8143 which has a WASD raw tunnel service listening. The connection is accepted and request processing commences. Mapping rules applied to port 8143 initiate an SSL connection to host wasd.external.net which is not directly accessable because of the firewall and must be connected to using the HTTP proxy server proxy.internal.net as an intermediary. This is specified in the same mapping rule. The mapping rule also injects an HTTP request header providing request characteristics that can be identified and acted upon by the external server.
The internal WASD server initiates a connection to the proxy server proxy.internal.net acting as part of the firewall. As it is endeavouring to initiate an SSL connection with the external wasd.external.net host this proxy connection uses a CONNECT request specifying wasd.external.net port 443. The proxy server establishes a connection with the host wasd.external.net at port 443. Once the connection is established it becomes an asynchronous, bidirectional channel between wasd.internal.net and wasd.external.net with the proxy server as a conduit.
The service connection just established is expecting an SSL negotiation in an attempt to establish an encrypted channel. When this negotiation concludes successfully the communications between wasd.internal.net and wasd.external.net become opaque to all external listeners including proxy.internal.net.
The encrypted connection now established, the request begins to be processed by the WASD server at wasd.external.net. A number of mapping rules apply to port 443. Each rule compares the injected request method and URI until, in this case, the external-imap rule matches. This rule specifies that a raw connection be established with the host imap.isp.net at port 143 using the proxy-capable port 1234 service. A timeout limits the duration this connection can be held unused.
The IMAP application server at imap.isp.external port 143 accepts the connection at begins to communicate using the IMAP protocol.
There is now a raw (8 bit, asynchronous, bidirectional) connection from the Thunderbird client to wasd.internal.net, (encrypted) through to proxy.internal.net, (encrypted) through to wasd.external.net, and raw to the IMAP server at imap.isp.net. This raw connection will be used for communication between Thunderbird and the IMAP server using the IMAP application protocol.
When a tunnel is established into a system the source of that connection (IP host-name/address and port) becomes obscured. By setting the path to the destination port proxy=forwarded=for (host name) or proxy=forwarded=address (IP address) the external client can be obtained using data contained in the logical name WASD_TUNNEL.
Consider tunneling external port 22345 to internal port 22 - Secure Shell.
To Secure Shell the source host and port would be localhost and some random port. It can be useful for the login procedure or other service to have the actual client host name (or IP address). Adding the path setting.
Obtaining the SSH source port, say from TT_ACCPORNAM data, the original client host and port can be searched for with some trivial DCL code. Adapt to suit local requirements.
The tunnel data remains current for at least one minute and may become unavailable at any time after that.
The browser needs to be configured to access URLs via the proxy server. This is done using two basic approaches, manual and automatic.
Most browsers allow the configuration for access via a proxy server. This commonly consists of an entry for each of the common Web protocol schemes ("http:", "ftp:", "gopher:", etc.). Supply the configured WASD proxy service host name and port for the HTTP scheme. This is currently the only one available. This would be similar to the following example:
To exclude local hosts, and other servers that do not require proxy access, there is usually a field that allows a list of hosts and/or domain names for which the browser should not use proxy access. This might be something like:
A proxy auto-config (PAC) file defines how web browsers and other user agents can automatically choose the appropriate proxy server (access method) for fetching a given URL.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_auto-config
The following is a very simple proxy configuration JavaScript function. This specifies that all URL host names that aren't full qualified, or that are in the "example.com" domain will be connected to directly, with all other being accessed via the specified proxy server.
This JavaScript is contained in a file with a specific, associated MIME file type, "application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig". For WASD it is recommended the file be placed in WASD_ROOT:[LOCAL] and have a file extension of .PAC (which follows Netscape naming convention).
The following WASD_CONFIG_GLOBAL directive would map the file extension to the required MIME type:
This file is commonly made the default document available from the proxy service. The following example shows the HTTP$MAP rules required to do this:
All that remains is to provide the browser with the location from which load this automatic proxy configuration file. In the case of the above set-up this would be:
A template for a proxy auto-configuration file may be found at WASD_ROOT:[EXAMPLE]PROXY_AUTOCONFIG.TXT
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